haben, dudu hast: you have. The b drops out: hast, not habst.
haben, er/sie/eser hat: he has. The b drops out here too: hat, not habt.
haben, ichich habe: I have. Regular: stem hab- plus -e.
haben, ihrihr habt: you all have. The b is back: habt. Only du and er lose it.
haben, sie/Siesie haben: they have. Haben is also the helper verb of most perfects.
haben, wirwir haben: we have. Same as the infinitive.
sein, dudu bist: you are. It ends in -st like other du forms, on a stem of its own.
sein, er/sie/eser ist: he is. Sie ist and es ist too. It sounds like isst, which means eats.
sein, ichich bin: I am. No form of sein looks like the infinitive, so learn all six.
sein, ihrihr seid: you all are. It ends in d. Seit, with a t, sounds the same and means since.
sein, sie/Siesie sind: they are. Sie sind, with a capital S, is the polite you are.
sein, wirwir sind: we are. The only wir form in this deck that is not the infinitive.
Show all 240 cards (228 more)
Present: irregular, continued
werden, dudu wirst: you become. E turns to i and the d drops out: wirst.
werden, er/sie/eser wird: he becomes. E turns to i and there is no -t ending: wird.
werden, ichich werde: I become. With an infinitive it makes the future: ich werde lernen, I will learn.
werden, ihrihr werdet: you all become. The stem ends in d, so an e goes before the -t.
werden, sie/Siesie werden: they become. Sie werden kommen is the future: they will come.
werden, wirwir werden: we become. Same as the infinitive.
wissen, dudu weißt: you know. The stem weiß- ends in an s sound, so du adds only -t.
wissen, er/sie/eser weiß: he knows. Same as ich weiß: no -t on the er form.
wissen, ichich weiß: I know. No ending, like a modal verb, and i turns to ei.
wissen, ihrihr wisst: you all know. Double s after the short i, but ß after ei, as in weiß.
wissen, sie/Siesie wissen: they know. Wissen is to know a fact. Kennen is to know a person or place.
wissen, wirwir wissen: we know. The plural goes back to wiss-, the infinitive stem.
Present: modal verbs 36
dürfen, dudu darfst: you may. Singular stem darf- plus -st.
dürfen, er/sie/eser darf: he may. Er darf nicht means he must not.
dürfen, ichich darf: I may. I am allowed to. No ending, and ü turns to a.
dürfen, ihrihr dürft: you all may. Infinitive stem dürf- plus -t.
dürfen, sie/Siesie dürfen: they may. Same as the infinitive.
dürfen, wirwir dürfen: we may. The plural keeps the ü of the infinitive.
können, dudu kannst: you can. Singular stem kann- plus -st.
können, er/sie/eser kann: he can. Same as ich kann: a modal takes no -t on er.
können, ichich kann: I can. A modal verb takes no ending on ich, and ö turns to a.
können, ihrihr könnt: you all can. Infinitive stem könn- plus -t.
können, sie/Siesie können: they can. Sie können, with a capital S, is the polite you.
können, wirwir können: we can. The plural keeps the ö of the infinitive.
mögen, dudu magst: you like. Singular stem mag- plus -st.
mögen, er/sie/eser mag: he likes. No -t: same as ich mag.
mögen, ichich mag: I like. No ending, and ö turns to a.
mögen, ihrihr mögt: you all like. Infinitive stem mög- plus -t.
mögen, sie/Siesie mögen: they like. Ich möchte, I would like, is another form of mögen.
mögen, wirwir mögen: we like. The plural keeps the ö of the infinitive.
müssen, dudu musst: you must. The stem ends in s, so du adds only -t.
müssen, er/sie/eser muss: he must. Er muss nicht means he does not have to.
müssen, ichich muss: I must. No ending and no umlaut in the singular.
müssen, ihrihr müsst: you all must. Umlaut stem müss- plus -t.
müssen, sie/Siesie müssen: they must. Same as the infinitive.
müssen, wirwir müssen: we must. The umlaut comes back in the plural.
sollen, dudu sollst: you should. Stem soll- plus -st.
sollen, er/sie/eser soll: he should. No -t: same as ich soll.
sollen, ichich soll: I should. Someone expects it of me. No ending, and sollen never changes its vowel.
sollen, ihrihr sollt: you all should. Stem soll- plus -t.
sollen, sie/Siesie sollen: they should. The one modal verb here with the same vowel in all six forms.
sollen, wirwir sollen: we should. Same as the infinitive.
wollen, dudu willst: you want. O turns to i in the singular: willst.
wollen, er/sie/eser will: he wants. No -t: same as ich will.
wollen, ichich will: I want. It is not the English will: the German future uses werden.
wollen, ihrihr wollt: you all want. Stem woll- plus -t.
wollen, sie/Siesie wollen: they want. Same as the infinitive.
wollen, wirwir wollen: we want. The plural keeps the o of the infinitive.
Present: weak verbs 36
arbeiten, dudu arbeitest: you work. The stem ends in t, so an e goes before -st.
arbeiten, er/sie/eser arbeitet: he works. The stem ends in t, so an e goes before -t.
arbeiten, ichich arbeite: I work. Stem arbeit- plus -e.
arbeiten, ihrihr arbeitet: you all work. The extra e again: same as er arbeitet.
arbeiten, sie/Siesie arbeiten: they work. Sie arbeiten, with a capital S, is the polite you.
arbeiten, wirwir arbeiten: we work. Same as the infinitive.
lernen, dudu lernst: you learn. Stem lern- plus -st.
lernen, er/sie/eser lernt: he learns. Stem lern- plus -t.
lernen, ichich lerne: I learn. Stem lern- plus -e.
lernen, ihrihr lernt: you all learn. Same as er lernt.
lernen, sie/Siesie lernen: they learn. Also they are learning.
lernen, wirwir lernen: we learn. Same as the infinitive.
machen, dudu machst: you make. Stem mach- plus -st.
machen, er/sie/eser macht: he makes. Sie macht and es macht take the same -t.
machen, ichich mache: I make. Machen is also to do. Stem mach- plus -e.
machen, ihrihr macht: you all make. Same as er macht.
machen, sie/Siesie machen: they make. Sie machen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
machen, wirwir machen: we make. The wir form is the infinitive.
reisen, dudu reist: you travel. The stem ends in s, so du adds only -t, not -st.
reisen, er/sie/eser reist: he travels. Same as du reist.
reisen, ichich reise: I travel. Stem reis- plus -e.
reisen, ihrihr reist: you all travel. Du, er and ihr all share reist.
reisen, sie/Siesie reisen: they travel. Sie reisen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
reisen, wirwir reisen: we travel. Same as the infinitive.
sagen, dudu sagst: you say. Stem sag- plus -st.
sagen, er/sie/eser sagt: he says. Stem sag- plus -t.
sagen, ichich sage: I say. Stem sag- plus -e.
sagen, ihrihr sagt: you all say. Same as er sagt.
sagen, sie/Siesie sagen: they say. Same as wir sagen and the infinitive.
sagen, wirwir sagen: we say. Same as the infinitive.
spielen, dudu spielst: you play. Also you are playing. Stem spiel- plus -st.
spielen, er/sie/eser spielt: he plays. Also he is playing. Stem spiel- plus -t.
spielen, ichich spiele: I play. Also I am playing: German has one present tense for both.
spielen, ihrihr spielt: you all play. Ihr is you for two or more people you call du.
spielen, sie/Siesie spielen: they play. Sie spielen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
spielen, wirwir spielen: we play. Same as the infinitive.
Present: vowel change 48
essen, dudu isst: you eat. E turns to i, and the s stem adds only -t.
essen, er/sie/eser isst: he eats. Same as du isst. It sounds like ist, which means is.
essen, ichich esse: I eat. No change on ich.
essen, ihrihr esst: you all eat. No vowel change: esst, not isst.
essen, sie/Siesie essen: they eat. Sie essen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
essen, wirwir essen: we eat. Same as the infinitive.
fahren, dudu fährst: you drive. A turns to ä in the du form.
fahren, er/sie/eser fährt: he drives. A turns to ä.
fahren, ichich fahre: I drive. Fahren is also to go by bus, train or bike. No umlaut on ich.
fahren, ihrihr fahrt: you all drive. No umlaut: fahrt, not fährt.
fahren, sie/Siesie fahren: they drive. Sie fahren, with a capital S, is the polite you.
fahren, wirwir fahren: we drive. Same as the infinitive.
geben, dudu gibst: you give. E turns to i in the du form.
geben, er/sie/eser gibt: he gives. E turns to i. Es gibt means there is or there are.
geben, ichich gebe: I give. No vowel change yet: only du and er change.
geben, ihrihr gebt: you all give. No vowel change: gebt, not gibt.
geben, sie/Siesie geben: they give. Same as the infinitive.
geben, wirwir geben: we give. The plural never changes its vowel.
laufen, dudu läufst: you run. Au turns to äu in the du form.
laufen, er/sie/eser läuft: he runs. Au turns to äu.
laufen, ichich laufe: I run. Laufen is also to walk. No umlaut on ich.
laufen, ihrihr lauft: you all run. No umlaut: lauft, not läuft.
laufen, sie/Siesie laufen: they run. Sie laufen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
laufen, wirwir laufen: we run. Same as the infinitive.
lesen, dudu liest: you read. E turns to ie, and the s stem adds only -t.
lesen, er/sie/eser liest: he reads. Same as du liest.
lesen, ichich lese: I read. No change on ich.
lesen, ihrihr lest: you all read. No vowel change: lest, not liest.
lesen, sie/Siesie lesen: they read. Sie lesen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
lesen, wirwir lesen: we read. Same as the infinitive.
nehmen, dudu nimmst: you take. E turns to i, and hm turns to mm.
nehmen, er/sie/eser nimmt: he takes. E turns to i, and hm turns to mm.
nehmen, ichich nehme: I take. No change on ich.
nehmen, ihrihr nehmt: you all take. No vowel change: nehmt, not nimmt.
nehmen, sie/Siesie nehmen: they take. Sie nehmen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
nehmen, wirwir nehmen: we take. Same as the infinitive.
sehen, dudu siehst: you see. E turns to ie.
sehen, er/sie/eser sieht: he sees. E turns to ie.
sehen, ichich sehe: I see. No change on ich.
sehen, ihrihr seht: you all see. No vowel change: seht, not sieht.
sehen, sie/Siesie sehen: they see. Sie sehen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
sehen, wirwir sehen: we see. Same as the infinitive.
sprechen, dudu sprichst: you speak. E turns to i.
sprechen, er/sie/eser spricht: he speaks. E turns to i.
sprechen, ichich spreche: I speak. No change on ich.
sprechen, ihrihr sprecht: you all speak. No vowel change: sprecht, not spricht.
sprechen, sie/Siesie sprechen: they speak. Sie sprechen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
sprechen, wirwir sprechen: we speak. Same as the infinitive.
Present: strong, no change 36
bleiben, dudu bleibst: you stay. Stem bleib- plus -st.
bleiben, er/sie/eser bleibt: he stays. Stem bleib- plus -t.
bleiben, ichich bleibe: I stay. Regular in the present. The past is blieb.
bleiben, ihrihr bleibt: you all stay. Same as er bleibt.
bleiben, sie/Siesie bleiben: they stay. Sie bleiben, with a capital S, is the polite you.
bleiben, wirwir bleiben: we stay. Same as the infinitive.
finden, dudu findest: you find. The stem ends in d, so an e goes before -st.
finden, er/sie/eser findet: he finds. The stem ends in d, so an e goes before -t.
finden, ichich finde: I find. Regular in the present. The past is fand.
finden, ihrihr findet: you all find. The extra e again: same as er findet.
finden, sie/Siesie finden: they find. Sie finden, with a capital S, is the polite you.
finden, wirwir finden: we find. Same as the infinitive.
gehen, dudu gehst: you go. Stem geh- plus -st.
gehen, er/sie/eser geht: he goes. Also he is going. Stem geh- plus -t.
gehen, ichich gehe: I go. Regular in the present. The change comes in the past: ging.
gehen, ihrihr geht: you all go. Same as er geht.
gehen, sie/Siesie gehen: they go. Sie gehen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
gehen, wirwir gehen: we go. Same as the infinitive.
heißen, dudu heißt: you are called. The stem ends in ß, so du adds only -t. Wie heißt du? asks a name.
heißen, er/sie/eser heißt: he is called. Same as du heißt.
heißen, ichich heiße: I am called. Ich heiße Anna means my name is Anna.
heißen, ihrihr heißt: you all are called. Du, er and ihr all share heißt.
heißen, sie/Siesie heißen: they are called. Wie heißen Sie? is the polite way to ask a name.
heißen, wirwir heißen: we are called. Same as the infinitive.
kommen, dudu kommst: you come. Stem komm- plus -st.
kommen, er/sie/eser kommt: he comes. No vowel change, though kommen is a strong verb.
kommen, ichich komme: I come. Regular in the present. The past is kam.
kommen, ihrihr kommt: you all come. Same as er kommt.
kommen, sie/Siesie kommen: they come. Sie kommen, with a capital S, is the polite you.
kommen, wirwir kommen: we come. Same as the infinitive.
trinken, dudu trinkst: you drink. Stem trink- plus -st.
trinken, er/sie/eser trinkt: he drinks. Stem trink- plus -t.
trinken, ichich trinke: I drink. Regular in the present. The past is trank.
trinken, ihrihr trinkt: you all drink. Same as er trinkt.
trinken, sie/Siesie trinken: they drink. Sie trinken, with a capital S, is the polite you.
trinken, wirwir trinken: we drink. Same as the infinitive.
Simple past 30
arbeiten, er (simple past)er arbeitete: he worked. Ich arbeitete is the same. T stem, so an e goes before -te.
bleiben, er (simple past)er blieb: he stayed. Ich blieb is the same. Strong: ei turns to ie.
dürfen, er (simple past)er durfte: he was allowed to. Ich durfte is the same. No umlaut in the past.
essen, er (simple past)er aß: he ate. Ich aß is the same. Strong: e turns to a, and ss to ß after the long a.
fahren, er (simple past)er fuhr: he drove. Ich fuhr is the same. Strong: a turns to u.
finden, er (simple past)er fand: he found. Ich fand is the same. Strong: i turns to a.
geben, er (simple past)er gab: he gave. Ich gab is the same. Strong: e turns to a, with no ending.
gehen, er (simple past)er ging: he went. Ich ging is the same. Strong, with a new stem and no ending.
haben, er (simple past)er hatte: he had. Ich hatte is the same. Double t: hatte, not habte.
heißen, er (simple past)er hieß: he was called. Ich hieß is the same. Strong: ei turns to ie.
kommen, er (simple past)er kam: he came. Ich kam is the same. Strong: o turns to a, with one m.
können, er (simple past)er konnte: he could. Ich konnte is the same. A modal drops its umlaut in the past.
laufen, er (simple past)er lief: he ran. Ich lief is the same. Strong: au turns to ie.
lernen, er (simple past)er lernte: he learned. Ich lernte is the same. Weak: stem lern- plus -te.
lesen, er (simple past)er las: he read. Ich las is the same. Strong: e turns to a.
machen, er (simple past)er machte: he made. Ich machte is the same. A weak verb adds -te to the stem.
mögen, er (simple past)er mochte: he liked. Ich mochte is the same. G turns to ch, and the umlaut goes.
müssen, er (simple past)er musste: he had to. Ich musste is the same. No umlaut in the past.
nehmen, er (simple past)er nahm: he took. Ich nahm is the same. Strong: e turns to a, with no ending.
reisen, er (simple past)er reiste: he traveled. Ich reiste is the same. Weak: stem reis- plus -te.
sagen, er (simple past)er sagte: he said. Ich sagte is the same. Weak: stem sag- plus -te.
sehen, er (simple past)er sah: he saw. Ich sah is the same. Strong: e turns to a.
sein, er (simple past)er war: he was. Ich war is the same. War is common in speech as well as in writing.
sollen, er (simple past)er sollte: he was supposed to. Ich sollte is the same. Stem soll- plus -te.
spielen, er (simple past)er spielte: he played. Ich spielte is the same. Weak: stem spiel- plus -te.
sprechen, er (simple past)er sprach: he spoke. Ich sprach is the same. Strong: e turns to a.
trinken, er (simple past)er trank: he drank. Ich trank is the same. Strong: i turns to a, as in drink, drank.
werden, er (simple past)er wurde: he became. Ich wurde is the same. Ward is an archaic form that poems still use.
wissen, er (simple past)er wusste: he knew. Ich wusste is the same. I turns to u, with the weak ending -te.
wollen, er (simple past)er wollte: he wanted. Ich wollte is the same. Stem woll- plus -te.
Perfect 30
arbeiten, er (perfect)er hat gearbeitet: he has worked. T stem, so an e goes before the last -t.
bleiben, er (perfect)er ist geblieben: he has stayed. No movement at all, yet bleiben takes sein.
dürfen, er (perfect)er hat gedurft: he has been allowed to. With a second verb: er hat gehen dürfen.
essen, er (perfect)er hat gegessen: he has eaten. An extra g: gegessen, not geessen.
fahren, er (perfect)er ist gefahren: he has driven. With an object it takes hat: er hat das Auto gefahren.
finden, er (perfect)er hat gefunden: he has found. Strong: i turns to u, ending -en.
geben, er (perfect)er hat gegeben: he has given. Strong: ge- plus the infinitive stem plus -en.
gehen, er (perfect)er ist gegangen: he has gone. Movement takes sein, and the stem is gang-.
haben, er (perfect)er hat gehabt: he has had. Haben is its own helper verb.
heißen, er (perfect)er hat geheißen: he has been called. Strong: ending -en, and ß stays after ei.
kommen, er (perfect)er ist gekommen: he has come. Movement takes sein.
können, er (perfect)er hat gekonnt: he has been able to. With a second verb: er hat gehen können.
laufen, er (perfect)er ist gelaufen: he has run. Movement from place to place takes sein.
lernen, er (perfect)er hat gelernt: he has learned. Weak: ge- plus lern- plus -t.
lesen, er (perfect)er hat gelesen: he has read. Strong: ending -en, vowel unchanged.
machen, er (perfect)er hat gemacht: he has made. Weak: ge- plus the stem plus -t.
mögen, er (perfect)er hat gemocht: he has liked. G turns to ch, as in mochte.
müssen, er (perfect)er hat gemusst: he has had to. With a second verb: er hat gehen müssen.
nehmen, er (perfect)er hat genommen: he has taken. Strong: e turns to o, and hm to mm.
reisen, er (perfect)er ist gereist: he has traveled. Weak, yet the helper is sein: travel is movement.
sagen, er (perfect)er hat gesagt: he has said. Weak: ge- plus sag- plus -t.
sehen, er (perfect)er hat gesehen: he has seen. Strong: ending -en, vowel unchanged.
sein, er (perfect)er ist gewesen: he has been. Sein is its own helper verb.
sollen, er (perfect)er hat gesollt: he has been supposed to. With a second verb: er hat gehen sollen.
spielen, er (perfect)er hat gespielt: he has played. Speech prefers this to spielte.
sprechen, er (perfect)er hat gesprochen: he has spoken. Strong: e turns to o, ending -en.
trinken, er (perfect)er hat getrunken: he has drunk. Strong: i turns to u, as in drink, drunk.
werden, er (perfect)er ist geworden: he has become. A change of state, so the helper is sein.
wissen, er (perfect)er hat gewusst: he has known. Ge- plus wuss- plus -t, with haben.
wollen, er (perfect)er hat gewollt: he has wanted. With a second verb: er hat gehen wollen.
How this list was compiled: Own work: the choice of 30 verbs, the seven sets and every line under an answer were made for this site. Checked 2026-09-19, every card against both sources: all 240 verb forms against the conjugation pages of German Wiktionary (https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Flexion:gehen and the same page for each of the 30 verbs, with the helper verb read from each entry, https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/gehen and the like), and against Duden's conjugation tables (https://www.duden.de/konjugation/gehen and the same page for 29 verbs, under Duden's own page names sein_Hilfsverb, haben_Hilfsverb, werden_Vollverb, wollen_moechten_wuenschen and lesen_dozieren where the plain name does not answer). Duden has no conjugation table for heißen, to be called, so its forms were read from the spelling entry https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/heiszen_mit_Namen (du heißt, ich hieß, geheißen, perfect with hat). Both sources list hat gefahren beside ist gefahren, so the quiz takes both; both also list hat gelaufen, which the deck leaves out. Duden gives the modal perfects as hat gekonnt/können, and the note on German Wiktionary's können entry explains that the infinitive stands in when a second verb follows. The rules in the lines under the answers were checked 2026-09-19 against https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_verbs (an e before the ending after a stem in d or t, a du ending of -t alone after s and ß, the vowel change in du and er only, modal verbs with no ending on ich and er, sein as the helper for movement and change of state, fahren with haben when it has an object, no progressive tense, the simple past mainly written except for a few frequent verbs, werden for the future, ich muss nicht and ich darf nicht) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F (ß after a long vowel or diphthong, ss after a short vowel, ss throughout in Switzerland). English meanings and small facts were checked 2026-09-19 against the German sections of English Wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wissen and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kennen (a fact against a person or place), https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ist and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isst (they sound the same), https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seid and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seit, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ward (archaic), https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%B6gen (möchte, would like), https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/es_gibt, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sie and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ihr (polite and plural you), and the entries for fahren, laufen, heißen, machen, sollen, wollen and dürfen. Licence: own work
How it works
These German verb conjugation flashcards drill 30 common verbs by person: the front reads gehen, du and the back gehst. 180 cards cover the present, 30 the simple past and 30 the perfect with its helper verb.
Read the full guide
Seven sets, from sein to the perfect
Show only deals one set at a time. Five cover the present: irregular verbs (sein, haben, werden, wissen), modal verbs, weak verbs, vowel change (du gibst, er fährt) and strong verbs with none. Simple past asks for the er form, which the ich form always matches: er ging, ich ging. Perfect asks for helper and participle together: ist gegangen passes, gegangen alone does not.
Print by set, 12 cards to a sheet
After one card, Print cards lays 12 cards on Letter or A4, fronts then backs: print double-sided and flip on the long edge. A set takes 2 to 4 sheets, all 240 cards take 20. For a one-sided printer, Print fold-over cards makes ten strips a sheet, 100 cards at most, so pick a set first.
Du reist, du heißt, du liest: after s or ß the du form takes only -t, so it matches the er form.
Only du and er change the vowel: ich fahre, du fährst, er fährt, but ihr fahrt. The plural keeps the infinitive's vowel.
Modal verbs and wissen have no ending on ich and er: ich kann, er kann, ich weiß, er weiß.
Questions and answers
Which German verbs should I learn to conjugate first?
Start with sein, haben and werden, which also build the perfect and the future, then the six modal verbs. This deck adds 21 everyday verbs such as gehen, machen, essen and fahren. The choice of 30 is our own and follows no textbook.
When does the German perfect use sein and not haben?
With verbs of movement from place to place or of change: ist gegangen, ist gereist, ist geworden. Sein and bleiben take it too. The other 22 verbs here take haben, and fahren switches to hat with an object: er hat das Auto gefahren.
Do I have to type ä, ö, ü and ß?
No. Quiz mode takes konnen or koennen for können and weiss for weiß, and du gehst counts as gehst. With the dots ignored it cannot tell fahrt from fährt or konnte from könnte, so check the dots on the card.
Is the simple past or the perfect more common in German?
In everyday speech the perfect: er hat gespielt, not er spielte. The simple past belongs mainly to writing and formal speech, apart from a few frequent verbs such as war, hatte and kam. The deck has one card a verb for each.